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984. R&D Expenditures in Science and Engineering at Universities and Colleges
[In millions of dollars 6,846 represents 6,846,000,000]
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CHARACTERISTIC
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1981
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1982
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1983
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1984
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1985
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1986
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1987
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1988
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1989
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1990
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1991
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1992
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1993
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1994
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1995
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1996
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1997
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1998
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CURRENT
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DOLLARS
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Total
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6,847
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7,324
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7,882
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8,620
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9,687
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10,928
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12,153
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13,463
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14,977
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16,286
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17,585
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18,818
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19,951
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20,966
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22,098
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22,962
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24,188
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25,735
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Basic research
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4,594
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4,879
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5,303
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5,733
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6,556
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7,493
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8,393
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8,894
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9,792
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10,643
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11,606
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12,516
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13,303
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13,948
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14,765
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15,429
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16,498
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17,382
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Applied R&D
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2,253
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2,445
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2,579
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2,887
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3,131
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3,435
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3,760
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4,569
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5,185
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5,643
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5,979
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6,302
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6,648
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7,018
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7,333
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7,533
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7,690
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8,353
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Source of funds:
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All governments
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5,117
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5,384
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5,615
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6,121
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6,816
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7,627
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8,366
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9,299
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10,215
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10,962
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11,708
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12,583
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13,515
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14,162
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14,973
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15,597
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16,303
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17,005
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Institutions' own funds
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1,004
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1,111
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1,302
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1,411
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1,617
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1,869
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2,168
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2,356
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2,698
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3,006
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3,367
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3,547
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3,589
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3,818
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4,035
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4,155
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4,495
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4,999
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Industry
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291
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337
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389
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475
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560
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700
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790
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872
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994
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1,127
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1,204
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1,279
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1,360
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1,415
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1,481
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1,596
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1,700
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1,870
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Other
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435
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491
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576
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613
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694
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732
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828
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935
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1,071
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1,191
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1,307
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1,409
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1,486
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1,571
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1,609
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1,614
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1,690
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1,861
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Fields:
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Physical sciences
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765
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824
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901
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1,001
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1,149
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1,286
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1,398
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1,554
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1,647
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1,807
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1,939
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2,055
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2,130
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2,172
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2,250
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2,256
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2,364
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2,440
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Environmental sciences
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550
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558
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617
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645
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705
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776
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839
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894
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1,003
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1,069
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1,119
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1,240
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1,317
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1,407
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1,444
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1,504
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1,539
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1,615
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Mathematical sciences
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87
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96
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106
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123
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128
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152
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177
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199
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214
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222
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230
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248
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272
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282
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281
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291
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293
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308
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Computer sciences
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144
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164
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186
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224
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281
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321
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372
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409
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473
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515
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554
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556
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608
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648
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687
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697
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719
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754
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Life sciences
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3,695
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4,013
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4,303
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4,711
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5,278
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5,891
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6,528
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7,257
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8,061
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8,726
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9,472
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10,196
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10,851
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11,497
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12,220
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12,756
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13,608
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14,547
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Psychology
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127
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131
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136
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145
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158
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170
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187
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213
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234
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253
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283
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328
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350
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357
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368
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374
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387
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437
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Social sciences
|
366
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353
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345
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359
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383
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462
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502
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552
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633
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703
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750
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815
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896
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954
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1,021
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1,102
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1,117
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1,121
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Other sciences
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145
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156
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165
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180
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186
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228
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256
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289
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318
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336
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332
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315
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368
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392
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430
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420
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504
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460
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Engineering
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967
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1,028
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1,122
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1,232
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1,418
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1,641
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1,892
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2,096
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2,392
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2,656
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2,907
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3,062
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3,155
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3,341
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3,500
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3,693
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3,818
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4,054
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CONSTANT (1996)
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DOLLARS 1
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Total
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11,090
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11,104
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11,436
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12,056
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13,122
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14,459
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15,665
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16,812
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18,006
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18,863
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19,641
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20,544
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21,243
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21,821
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22,524
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22,962
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23,784
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24,985
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Basic research
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7,441
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7,397
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7,694
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8,018
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8,881
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9,914
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10,819
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11,106
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11,772
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12,327
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12,963
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13,664
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14,164
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14,517
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15,049
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15,429
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16,222
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16,876
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Applied R&D
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3,649
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3,707
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3,742
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4,038
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4,241
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4,545
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4,847
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5,706
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6,233
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6,536
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6,678
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6,880
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7,078
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7,304
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7,474
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7,533
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7,561
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8,110
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Source of funds:
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All governments
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8,288
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8,163
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8,147
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8,561
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9,233
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10,091
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10,784
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11,612
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12,281
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12,696
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13,077
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13,737
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14,390
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14,740
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15,261
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15,597
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16,030
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16,510
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Institutions' own funds
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1,626
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1,684
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1,889
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1,973
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2,190
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2,473
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2,795
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2,942
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3,244
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3,482
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3,761
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3,872
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3,821
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3,974
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4,113
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4,155
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4,420
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4,853
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Industry
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471
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511
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564
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664
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759
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926
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1,018
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1,089
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1,195
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1,305
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1,345
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1,396
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1,448
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1,473
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1,510
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1,596
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1,672
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1,816
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Other
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705
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744
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836
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857
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940
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969
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1,067
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1,168
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1,288
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1,379
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1,460
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1,538
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1,582
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1,635
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1,640
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1,614
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1,662
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1,807
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Fields:
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Physical sciences
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1,239
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1,249
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1,307
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1,400
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1,556
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1,701
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1,802
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1,941
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1,980
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2,093
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2,166
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2,243
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2,268
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2,261
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2,293
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2,256
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2,324
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2,369
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Environmental sciences
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891
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846
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895
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902
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955
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1,027
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1,081
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1,116
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1,206
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1,238
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1,250
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1,354
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1,402
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1,464
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1,472
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1,504
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1,513
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1,568
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Mathematical sciences
|
141
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146
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154
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172
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173
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201
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228
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249
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257
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257
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257
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271
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290
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294
|
286
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291
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288
|
299
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Computer sciences
|
233
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249
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270
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313
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381
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425
|
480
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511
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569
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596
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619
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607
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647
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674
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700
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697
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707
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732
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Life sciences
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5,985
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6,084
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6,243
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6,589
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7,150
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7,794
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8,415
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9,062
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9,691
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10,107
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10,580
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11,131
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11,553
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11,966
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12,455
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12,756
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13,381
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14,123
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Psychology
|
206
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199
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197
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203
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214
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225
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241
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266
|
281
|
293
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316
|
358
|
373
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372
|
375
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374
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381
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424
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Social sciences
|
593
|
535
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500
|
502
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519
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611
|
647
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689
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761
|
814
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838
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890
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954
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993
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1,041
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1,102
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1,098
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1,088
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Other sciences
|
235
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237
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239
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252
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252
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302
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330
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361
|
382
|
389
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371
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344
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392
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408
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438
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420
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496
|
447
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Engineering
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1,566
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1,559
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1,628
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1,723
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1,921
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2,171
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2,438
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2,617
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2,876
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3,076
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3,247
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3,343
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3,359
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3,477
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3,567
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3,693
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3,754
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3,936
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NOTE: 1996 constant dollar deflator
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61.74
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65.96
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68.92
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71.50
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73.82
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75.58
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77.58
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80.08
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83.18
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86.34
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89.53
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91.60
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93.92
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96.08
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98.11
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100.00
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101.70
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103.00
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1 Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator.NOTE: Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Survey of Research andDevelopment Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, annual.
http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/stats.htm
https://allcountries.org/uscensus/984_r_d_expenditures_in_science_and.html
These tables are based on figures supplied by the United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce and are subject to revision by the Census Bureau.
Copyright © 2019 Photius Coutsoukis and Information Technology Associates, all rights reserved.
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