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32. 1997 Economic Census
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978. R&D Expenditures: 1960 to 1997
[In millions of dollars (13,711 represents $13,711,000,000), except as indicated. For calendar years]
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Sources of funds
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Objective
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Character of work
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(percent of total)
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YEAR
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Federal
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Univer-
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Non-
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govern-
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Indus-
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sities/
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Non-
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federal
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Defense
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Space
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Basic
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Applied
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Devel-
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Total
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ment
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try
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col-
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profit
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govern-
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related 2
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related 3
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Other
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research
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research
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opment
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leges
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ment 1
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1960
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13,711
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8,915
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4,516
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67
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123
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90
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53
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3
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44
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1,286
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3,065
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9,360
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1961
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14,564
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9,484
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4,757
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75
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148
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101
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50
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6
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44
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1,512
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3,123
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9,930
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1962
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15,636
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10,138
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5,124
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84
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179
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112
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46
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9
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45
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1,824
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3,698
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10,116
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1963
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17,519
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11,645
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5,456
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96
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197
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125
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41
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15
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43
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2,115
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3,865
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11,540
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1964
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19,103
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12,764
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5,888
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114
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200
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138
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37
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20
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43
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2,396
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4,201
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12,506
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1965
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20,252
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13,194
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6,549
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136
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225
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150
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33
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22
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45
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2,664
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4,374
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13,215
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1966
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22,072
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14,165
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7,331
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165
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252
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160
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32
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21
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47
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2,930
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4,653
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14,490
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1967
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23,346
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14,563
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8,146
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200
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271
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168
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32
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18
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49
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3,168
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4,848
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15,332
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1968
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24,666
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14,964
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9,008
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221
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290
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185
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32
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17
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52
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3,376
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5,137
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16,154
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1969
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25,996
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15,228
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10,011
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233
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316
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208
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31
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15
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54
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3,491
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5,454
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17,051
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1970
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26,271
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14,984
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10,449
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259
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343
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237
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30
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14
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56
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3,594
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5,752
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16,925
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1971
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26,952
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15,210
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10,824
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290
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366
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262
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29
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12
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59
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3,720
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5,833
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17,399
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1972
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28,740
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16,039
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11,715
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312
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393
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282
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30
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11
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59
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3,850
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6,147
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18,743
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1973
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30,952
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16,587
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13,299
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343
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422
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302
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29
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10
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62
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4,099
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6,655
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20,197
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1974
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33,365
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17,287
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14,886
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393
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480
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320
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27
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9
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64
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4,515
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7,347
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21,503
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1975
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35,686
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18,533
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15,825
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432
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548
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348
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26
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8
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65
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4,880
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8,098
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22,708
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1976
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39,458
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20,292
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17,702
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480
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616
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369
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26
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9
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66
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5,376
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8,990
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25,092
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1977
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43,456
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22,155
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19,645
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569
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695
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394
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26
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7
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67
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6,075
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9,690
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27,691
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1978
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48,822
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24,468
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22,462
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679
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771
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443
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25
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6
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69
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7,001
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10,731
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31,090
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1979
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55,521
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27,303
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26,103
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785
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850
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482
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24
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6
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70
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7,867
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12,148
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35,506
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1980
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63,332
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30,035
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30,940
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920
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919
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519
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24
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5
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71
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8,825
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13,773
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40,734
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1981
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72,307
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33,714
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35,967
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1,058
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988
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581
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25
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5
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70
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9,827
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16,421
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46,059
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1982
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80,837
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37,233
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40,718
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1,207
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1,059
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621
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28
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4
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68
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10,803
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18,303
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51,730
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1983
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90,030
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41,576
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45,295
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1,357
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1,145
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658
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30
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3
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67
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12,018
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20,408
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57,603
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1984
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102,308
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46,571
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52,245
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1,514
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1,258
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721
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30
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3
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67
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13,403
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22,540
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66,365
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1985
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114,747
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52,748
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58,049
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1,743
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1,373
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834
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31
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3
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66
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14,772
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25,437
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74,538
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1986
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120,297
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54,711
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61,097
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2,019
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1,502
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969
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32
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3
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65
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17,152
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27,292
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75,853
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1987
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126,255
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58,548
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62,683
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2,262
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1,697
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1,065
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32
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3
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65
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18,393
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27,968
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79,894
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1988
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133,903
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60,179
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68,102
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2,527
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1,931
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1,165
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30
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3
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66
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19,637
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29,621
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84,646
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1989
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141,909
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60,488
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75,118
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2,852
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2,177
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1,274
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28
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4
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68
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21,712
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32,381
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87,816
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1990
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152,039
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61,668
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83,382
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3,186
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2,405
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1,399
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25
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4
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70
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22,837
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35,095
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94,107
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1991
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160,863
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60,821
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92,490
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3,457
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2,614
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1,482
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23
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4
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73
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26,915
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38,764
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95,184
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1992
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165,212
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60,922
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96,411
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3,568
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2,787
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1,524
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22
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4
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74
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27,258
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38,066
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99,889
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1993
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165,442
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60,524
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96,700
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3,719
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2,950
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1,550
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22
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4
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74
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28,312
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37,379
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99,751
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1994
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168,854
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60,881
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99,326
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3,960
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3,076
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1,611
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20
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4
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76
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29,046
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36,689
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103,119
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1995
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183,232
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63,220
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111,005
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4,139
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3,126
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1,741
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19
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5
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77
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28,909
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41,085
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113,239
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1996
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196,540
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63,547
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123,561
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4,375
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3,218
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1,839
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18
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4
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78
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32,012
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43,156
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121,372
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1997
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211,586
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65,016
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136,394
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4,842
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3,436
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1,898
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17
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4
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79
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35,495
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47,453
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128,638
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1998
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226,984
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64,853
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151,105
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5,366
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3,686
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1,974
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15
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4
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81
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37,695
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51,722
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137,566
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1999
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247,000
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65,853
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169,312
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5,838
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3,913
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2,085
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14
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3
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83
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40,224
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56,462
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150,315
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1 Nonfederal R&D expenditures to university and college performers.
2 R&D spending by the Department of Defense, including space activities, and a portionof the Department of Energy funds.
3 For the National Aeronautics and Space Administration only.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, National Patterns ofR&D Resouces, annual.
http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf99335/appb.htm
https://allcountries.org/uscensus/978_r_d_expenditures_1960_to_1997.html
These tables are based on figures supplied by the United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce and are subject to revision by the Census Bureau.
Copyright © 2019 Photius Coutsoukis and Information Technology Associates, all rights reserved.
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