Location:
Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

Geographic coordinates:
44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 77,474 sq km
[see also: Area - total country ranks ]
land: 77,474 sq km
[see also: Area - land country ranks ]
water: 0 sq km
[see also: Area - water country ranks ]
country comparison to the world: 118

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:
total: 2,322 km
[see also: Land boundaries - total country ranks ]
border countries (8): Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km, Bulgaria 344 km, Croatia 314 km, Hungary 164 km, Kosovo 366 km, Macedonia 101 km, Montenegro 157 km, Romania 531 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
[see also: Coastline country ranks ]

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
More Climate Details

Terrain:
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

Elevation:
mean elevation: 442 m
[see also: Elevation - mean elevation country ranks ]
elevation extremes: lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m highest point: Midzor 2,169 m

Natural resources:
oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

Land use:
agricultural land: 57.9% arable land 37.7%; permanent crops 3.4%; permanent pasture 16.8%
[see also: Land use - agricultural land country ranks ]
forest: 31.6%
[see also: Land use - forest country ranks ]
other: 10.5% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - other country ranks ]

Irrigated land:
950 sq km (2012)
[see also: Irrigated land country ranks ]

Population - distribution:
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East