Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Geographic coordinates:
46 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 238,391 sq km
[see also: Area - total country ranks ]
land: 229,891 sq km
[see also: Area - land country ranks ]
water: 8,500 sq km
[see also: Area - water country ranks ]
country comparison to the world: 84

Area - comparative:
twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:
total: 2,844 km
[see also: Land boundaries - total country ranks ]
border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km, Hungary 424 km, Moldova 683 km, Serbia 531 km, Ukraine 601 km

Coastline:
225 km
[see also: Coastline country ranks ]

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
[see also: Maritime claims - territorial sea country ranks ]
contiguous zone: 24 nm
[see also: Maritime claims - contiguous zone country ranks ]
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
[see also: Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone country ranks ]
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
[see also: Maritime claims - continental shelf country ranks ]

Climate:
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
More Climate Details

Terrain:
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Elevation:
mean elevation: 414 m
[see also: Elevation - mean elevation country ranks ]
elevation extremes: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Natural resources:
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Land use:
agricultural land: 60.7% arable land 39.1%; permanent crops 1.9%; permanent pasture 19.7%
[see also: Land use - agricultural land country ranks ]
forest: 28.7%
[see also: Land use - forest country ranks ]
other: 10.6% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - other country ranks ]

Irrigated land:
31,490 sq km (2012)
[see also: Irrigated land country ranks ]

Population - distribution:
urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

Natural hazards:
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Environment - current issues:
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria