Economy - overview:
Estonia, a member of the European Union since 2004 and the euro zone since 2011, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda and have wavered little in their commitment to pro-market reforms. Successive government have followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt.The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, and Germany. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble and a decrease in export demand as result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe, but the economy recovered strongly in the following years. Growth fell below 2% in 2014 as a consequence of weak EU and Russian growth. Estonia is challenged by a shortage of labor, both skilled and unskilled, and the government has amended its immigration law to allow easier hiring of highly qualified foreign workers.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$37.88 billion (2015 est.) $37.14 billion (2014 est.) $36.1 billion (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 115
[see also: GDP country ranks ]

GDP (official exchange rate):
$22.93 billion (2015 est.)
[see also: GDP (official exchange rate) country ranks ]

GDP - real growth rate:
2% (2015 est.) 2.9% (2014 est.) 1.6% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
[see also: GDP - real growth rate country ranks ]

GDP - per capita (PPP):
$28,700 (2015 est.) $28,200 (2014 est.) $27,400 (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 63
[see also: GDP - per capita country ranks ]

Gross national saving:
26.1% of GDP (2015 est.) 27.4% of GDP (2014 est.) 27.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
[see also: Gross national saving country ranks ]

GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption: 50.6%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption country ranks ]
government consumption: 20.5%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption country ranks ]
investment in fixed capital: 26.2%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital country ranks ]
investment in inventories: -0.4%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories country ranks ]
exports of goods and services: 89.9%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services country ranks ]
imports of goods and services: -86.8% (2015 est.)
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services country ranks ]

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 3.7%
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture country ranks ]
industry: 28.4%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - industry country ranks ]
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry country ranks ]
services: 67.9% (2015 est.)
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services country ranks ]

Agriculture - products:
grain, potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish

Industries:
engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications

Industrial production growth rate:
3.2% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
[see also: Industrial production growth rate country ranks ]

Labor force:
669,400 (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 152
[see also: Labor force country ranks ]

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 3.9%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - agriculture country ranks ]
industry: 28.4%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - industry country ranks ]
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry country ranks ]
services: 67.7% (2014)
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - services country ranks ]

Unemployment rate:
7.2% (2015 est.) 7.3% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
[see also: Unemployment rate country ranks ]

Population below poverty line:
22.1% (2013 est.)
[see also: Population below poverty line country ranks ]

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.7%
[see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10% country ranks ]
highest 10%: 27.7% (2004)
[see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10% country ranks ]

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32.9 (2013) 37 (1999)
country comparison to the world: 105
[see also: Distribution of family income - Gini index country ranks ]

Budget:
revenues: $8.757 billion
[see also: Budget revenues country ranks ]
expenditures: $8.734 billion (2015 est.)
[see also: Budget expenditures country ranks ]

Taxes and other revenues:
38.2% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
[see also: Taxes and other revenues country ranks ]

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
0.1% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
[see also: Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) country ranks ]

Public debt:
10.2% of GDP (2015 est.) 10.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds
country comparison to the world: 165
[see also: Public debt country ranks ]

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.5% (2015 est.) -0.1% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
[see also: Inflation rate (consumer prices) country ranks ]

Central bank discount rate:
0.05% 0.3%
country comparison to the world: 139
[see also: Central bank discount rate country ranks ]

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
5.1% (31 December 2015 est.) 4.76% (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
[see also: Commercial bank prime lending rate country ranks ]

Stock of narrow money:
$10.09 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $10.19 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
country comparison to the world: 76
[see also: Stock of narrow money country ranks ]

Stock of broad money:
$14.71 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $14.05 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
[see also: Stock of broad money country ranks ]

Stock of domestic credit:
$18.54 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $20.47 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
[see also: Stock of domestic credit country ranks ]

Market value of publicly traded shares:
$2.332 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.611 billion (31 December 2011) $2.26 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
[see also: Market value of publicly traded shares country ranks ]

Current account balance:
$131 million (2015 est.) $19 million (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
[see also: Current account balance country ranks ]

Exports:
$13.44 billion (2015 est.) $14.96 billion (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
[see also: Exports country ranks ]

Exports - commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment 29%, food products and beverages 16%, mineral fuels 11%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 7%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, textiles 4%, chemicals 5% (2014 est.)

Exports - partners:
Sweden 18.5%, Finland 15.8%, Latvia 11.1%, Russia 10%, Lithuania 5.5%, Germany 5% (2014)

Imports:
$14.43 billion (2015 est.) $16.39 billion (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
[see also: Imports country ranks ]

Imports - commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment 28 %, mineral fuels 13%, food and food products 10%, chemical products 8%, metals 8%, plastics 5% (2014 est.)

Imports - partners:
Finland 15.5%, Germany 11.9%, Sweden 9.1%, Latvia 8.6%, Lithuania 8%, Poland 7.8%, Netherlands 5.6%, Russia 4.7%, China 4.5% (2014)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$509.8 million (31 December 2015 est.) $436.8 million (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
[see also: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold country ranks ]

Debt - external:
$22.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $24.15 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
[see also: Debt - external country ranks ]

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$26.34 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $24.99 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - at home country ranks ]

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$9.262 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $9.012 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad country ranks ]

Exchange rates:
kroon (EEK) per US dollar - 0.92 (2015 est.) 0.75 (2014 est.) 0.75 (2013 est.) 0.72 (2011 est.)