Economy - overview:
Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel NASSER but opened up considerably under former Presidents Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK.Cairo from 2004 to 2008 pursued business climate reforms to attract foreign investment and facilitate growth. Poor living conditions and limited job opportunities for the average Egyptian contribute to public discontent, a major factor leading to the January 2011 revolution that ousted Mubarak. The uncertain political, security, and policy environment since 2011 caused economic growth to slow significantly, hurting tourism, manufacturing, and other sectors and pushing up unemployment.Weak growth and limited foreign exchange earnings have made public finances unsustainable, leaving authorities dependent on expensive borrowing for deficit finance and on Gulf allies to help cover the import bill. In 2015, higher levels of foreign investment contributed to a slight rebound in GDP growth after a particularly depressed post-revolution period.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$996 billion (2015 est.) $955.9 billion (2014 est.) $935.6 billion (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 25
[see also: GDP country ranks ]

GDP (official exchange rate):
$286.4 billion (2014 est.)
[see also: GDP (official exchange rate) country ranks ]

GDP - real growth rate:
4.2% (2015 est.) 2.2% (2014 est.) 2.1% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
[see also: GDP - real growth rate country ranks ]

GDP - per capita (PPP):
$11,500 (2015 est.) $11,000 (2014 est.) $10,800 (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 129
[see also: GDP - per capita country ranks ]

Gross national saving:
11.3% of GDP (2015 est.) 13.2% of GDP (2014 est.) 11.8% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
[see also: Gross national saving country ranks ]

GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption: 80.8%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption country ranks ]
government consumption: 11.7%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption country ranks ]
investment in fixed capital: 12.1%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital country ranks ]
investment in inventories: 0.5%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories country ranks ]
exports of goods and services: 14%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services country ranks ]
imports of goods and services: -19.1% (2015 est.)
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services country ranks ]

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 14.3%
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture country ranks ]
industry: 39.6%
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry country ranks ]
services: 46.1% (2015 est.)
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services country ranks ]

Agriculture - products:
cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats

Industries:
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures

Industrial production growth rate:
3.3% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
[see also: Industrial production growth rate country ranks ]

Labor force:
28.87 million (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
[see also: Labor force country ranks ]

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 29.2%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - agriculture country ranks ]
industry: 23.5%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - industry country ranks ]
services: 47.3% (2011 est.)
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - services country ranks ]

Unemployment rate:
12.8% (2015 est.) 13% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
[see also: Unemployment rate country ranks ]

Population below poverty line:
25.2% (2011 est.)
[see also: Population below poverty line country ranks ]

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 4%
[see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10% country ranks ]
highest 10%: 26.6% (2008)
[see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10% country ranks ]

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
30.8 (2008) 32.1 (2005)
country comparison to the world: 116
[see also: Distribution of family income - Gini index country ranks ]

Budget:
revenues: $76.61 billion
[see also: Budget revenues country ranks ]
expenditures: $111.5 billion (2015 est.)
[see also: Budget expenditures country ranks ]

Taxes and other revenues:
26.7% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
[see also: Taxes and other revenues country ranks ]

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-12.2% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 208
[see also: Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) country ranks ]

Public debt:
91.7% of GDP (2015 est.) 93.7% of GDP (2014 est.)
note: data cover central government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
country comparison to the world: 24
[see also: Public debt country ranks ]

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10.4% (2015 est.) 10.1% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 210
[see also: Inflation rate (consumer prices) country ranks ]

Central bank discount rate:
9.75% (30 October 2014) 8.75% (5 December 2013)
country comparison to the world: 23
[see also: Central bank discount rate country ranks ]

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
11.7% (31 December 2015 est.) 11.71% (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
[see also: Commercial bank prime lending rate country ranks ]

Stock of narrow money:
$66.67 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $62.34 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
[see also: Stock of narrow money country ranks ]

Stock of broad money:
$245.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $224.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
[see also: Stock of broad money country ranks ]

Stock of domestic credit:
$271 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $259.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37
[see also: Stock of domestic credit country ranks ]

Market value of publicly traded shares:
$73.04 billion (30 November 2014 est.) $58.01 billion (31 December 2012) $48.68 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
[see also: Market value of publicly traded shares country ranks ]

Current account balance:
-$5.543 billion (2015 est.) -$6.151 billion (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
[see also: Current account balance country ranks ]

Exports:
$20.88 billion (2015 est.) $26.15 billion (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
[see also: Exports country ranks ]

Exports - commodities:
crude oil and petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, processed food

Exports - partners:
Italy 9.2%, Saudi Arabia 7.4%, India 7.2%, Turkey 5.4%, US 4.2% (2014)

Imports:
$57.91 billion (2015 est.) $70.46 billion (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
[see also: Imports country ranks ]

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels

Imports - partners:
China 11.2%, Germany 7.9%, US 7.4%, Kuwait 5.1%, Italy 4.6%, Ukraine 4.4%, Russia 4.2%, Turkey 4.1% (2014)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$17.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $14.45 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
[see also: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold country ranks ]

Debt - external:
$41.32 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $45.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
[see also: Debt - external country ranks ]

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$89.65 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $84.39 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - at home country ranks ]

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$7.362 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $6.839 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad country ranks ]

Exchange rates:
Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar - 7.72 (2015 est.) 7.08 (2014 est.) 7.08 (2013 est.) 6.06 (2012 est.) 5.94 (2011 est.)