Korea, South Economy - 2005

Economy - overview:
Since the early 1960s, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and integration into the high-tech modern world economy. Four decades ago GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, it joined the trillion dollar club of world economies. Today its GDP per capita is 14 times North Korea's and equal to the lesser economies of the European Union. This success through the late 1980s was achieved by a system of close government/business ties, including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-99 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. Growth plunged to a negative 6.9% in 1998, then strongly recovered to 9.5% in 1999 and 8.5% in 2000. Growth fell back to 3.3% in 2001 because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that much-needed corporate and financial reforms had stalled. Led by consumer spending and exports, growth in 2002 was an impressive 7.0%, despite anemic global growth. Economic growth fell to 3.1% in 2003 because of a downturn in consumer spending and recovered to an estimated 4.6% in 2004 on the strength of rapid export growth. The government plans to boost infrastructure spending in 2005. Moderate inflation, low unemployment, an export surplus, and fairly equal distribution of income characterize this solid economy.

GDP:
purchasing power parity - $925.1 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $19,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 3.2%
industry: 40.4%
services: 56.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
22.9 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 8%, industry 19%, services 73% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
3.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
4% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 22.5% (1999 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.8 (2000)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
28.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $150.5 billion
expenditures: $155.8 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)

Public debt:
21.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish

Industries:
electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel

Industrial production growth rate:
10.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
322.5 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
293.6 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2.07 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
630,100 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
2.263 million bbl/day (2003)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
20.92 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
21.11 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Current account balance:
$26.78 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$250.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals

Exports - partners:
China 22.4%, US 17.8%, Japan 8.3%, Hong Kong 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
$214.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics

Imports - partners:
Japan 21.6%, US 12.7%, China 12.3%, Saudi Arabia 5.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$199.1 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$160 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA $334 million (2003)

Currency (code):
South Korean won (KRW)

Exchange rates:
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002), 1,291 (2001), 1,131 (2000)